Mughal Empire Culture and Religion

Mughal Empire Culture and Religion After the decrease of Hindu realm around 1000 AD, various Islamic intruders and dealers traveled every which way yet couldn't rank any huge effect on the social existence of individuals. The vast majority of the trespassers were inborn rulers from the tribe Hun and Pathan whose fundamental rationale was to loot the nation, plunder the property as much as possible. They had no aspiration to set up a domain and that is the reason their social effect is immaterial. This couldn't stay for an extensive stretch. The Muslim realm was set up with the main clash of Panipat in 1526 AD. Their after we locate a consistent communication between these two significant particular networks Hindus and Muslims. Muslims were the rulers and Hindus turned into the dominated. Hindus were utilized in various occupations under their Muslim rulers. Ceaseless intermixing happens between these two networks in the coming a few centuries. Exchange and Commerce: The white collar Classes Nature and Standard of Living The white collar classes in medieval India comprised in the principle, vendors, proficient classes, for example, vaidyas and hakims and authorities. There was serious extent of demonstrable skill among the Indian vendors. Some had some expertise in discount exchange and others in retail exchange, the previous being called seth or bohra and the last beoparis or banik. In south India the chettis framed the exchanging network. There was a unique class banjaras who represented considerable authority in conveying exchange. The banjaras used to move all around, here and there with a large number of bulls, loaded down with food grains, salt, ghee and so forth. The sarrafs (shroff) had some expertise in evolving cash, keeping cash in store or landing it, or transmitting it from one piece of the nation to the next by methods for hundi. The hundi was letter of credit payable after a specific period. The utilization of hundies made it simpler to move merchandise or to transmit cash starting wit h one piece of the nation then onto the next. The hundies were gotten the money for at a rebate which some of the time included protection with the goal that the expense of merchandise lost or demolished in travel could be recuperated. By these methods the Indian dealers could undoubtedly transport merchandise to nations of west Asia just as where there were Indian financial houses. English and Dutch dealers who came to Gujarat during the seventeenth century saw the Indian money related framework as profoundly created and the Indian vendors to be dynamic and alarm. There was sharp rivalry for inside data and at whatever point there was a deficiency of certain merchandise in certain pieces of the nation it was made acceptable rapidly by the shippers. Yet, this applied to merchandise of high caliber. Food grains and mass articles were exorbitant to move overland however not all that expensive whenever moved by streams. thus the significant waterways conveyed substantially more product s in medieval occasions than now. Anyway the all out exchange was restricted since the towns, while not totally independent, purchased just a predetermined number of things from outside, for example, salt, iron and scarcely any shopper merchandise. Significant distance exchange for the most part took into account needs of the well-off segments in the urban communities. The exchanging network India was genuinely huge in number and remembered the absolute most extravagant vendors for the world. The names of virji or vohra who overwhelmed the Surat exchange for a very long while and who had an enormous armada of boats, Malaya Chetti on the Coromandal coasts, and Abdul Ghaffoor Bohra who left 85 absences of rupees in real money and products at the hour of his passing in 1718 are a portion of the vital cases. There were numerous rich dealers in Agra, Delhi, Orissa and Bengal. The well off traders in the costal ports of Gujarat lived in a flashy way and aped the habits of the aristocrats. They lived in elevated houses with shaded tiles, wore fine garments, rode all around caparisoned ponies and had individuals conveying banners and flags before them when they moved out in the open. European voyagers referenced the spacious and very much fabricated houses in which the affluent traders of Agra and Delhi lived. In any case, the common sorts lived in houses over their shops. The French voyager Bernier, says that that the dealers attempted to look poor since they were apprehensive they would be utilized like filled wipes that is pressed of their riches. Yet, Sher Shah passed numerous laws for ensuring the property of the traders. The laws of Sher Shah are notable. Jahangirs laws incorporated an arrangement that if any one, regardless of whether unbeliever or Musalman should kick the bucket, his property and impacts ought to be left for his beneficiaries, and nobody ought to meddle with them. On the off chance that he ought to have no beneficiaries, they ought to delegate assessors and separate gatekeepers to monitor the property, so it worth may be extended in a legitimate consumption, for example, the structure mosques and sarais, fix of broken crossed over and burrowing of tanks and wells. In this manner the idea of insurance of private property, including the property of vendors obviously rose. Association of Trade and Commerce Role of European Trading Companies Exchange and business extended in India during the primary portion of the seventeenth century because of various variables. Maybe the most significant factor was the political mix of the nation under Mughal rule and foundation of states of lawfulness broad territories. The Mughals focused on streets and sarais which house cleaner correspondence simpler. Uniform assessment was imposed on merchandise at the purposes of their entrance into the realm. Street cesses or rahdari was proclaimed illicit however it was kept on being gathered by a portion of the neighborhood rajas. The Mughals printed silver rupees of high purities which turned into a standard coin in India and abroad and in this way help Indias exchange. Another factor which helped Indias was the appearance of the Dutch and English brokers towards the start of the seventeenth century. Ralph Fitch during Akbars rule, said Agra and Fatehpur Sikri were each bigger then London. Montserrat says Lahore was best in class of the urban communities in Europe or Asia. The development of town and town life is one of the noteworthy highlights of seventeenth century India. The Indian brokers invited the Dutch and the English in light of the fact that these merchants helped them to break the Portuguese restraining infrastructure of ocean exchange, and in course of time, assisted with building up an immediate connection among India and European markets. The Portuguese force have started to decay during the second 50% of the sixteenth century, as was exhibited by the annihilation by the Spanish task force by England in 1588. The Portuguese stayed at Goa and furthermore at Daman and Diu. In any case, their offers in abroad exchange declined ceaselessly and were immaterial before the century's over. The British couldn't prevail in India as long as the Mughal domain was solid however it was not long approaching when the shortcoming of the realm got show. Engineering There was an upheaval of diserse social initiates in India under the Mughal rule. The custom in the field of engineering, painting, writing and music made during this period set a standard and profoundly impacted the succeeding ages. In this sense, the Mughal time frame can be known as a subsequent old style age following the gupta age in northern India. In this social advancement Indian conventions were amalgamated with the Turko Iranian culture brought to the nation by the Mughals. The Timurid court at Samarqand had created as the social focus of west and focal Asia. Babur was aware of this social legacy. He was resolved to set appropriate principles. The advancement of craftsmanship and culture in different districts of India during the fourteenth and fifteenth hundreds of years had held to rich and shifted improvement from which it was conceivable to draw upon. The Mughals constructed brilliant strongholds, royal residences, open structures, mosques and baolis and so forth. They additionally drove out numerous conventional nurseries with running water in reality utilization of running water in their royal residences, resorts was the uncommon element of the Mughals. Babur was partial to gardens and spread out hardly any nurseries in the area of Agra and Lahore. A portion of the Mughals gardens, for example, the Nishant Bagh in Kashmir. The Shalimar at Lahore and Pinjore and so on have endure even right up 'til the present time. We don't discover the custom of creating gardens in earlier Hindu Kingdoms. It started with the Mughals and today is a lot of the piece of Indian culture. Akbar was the first Mughal ruler who had the opportunity to attempt development for a huge scope. He assembled a progression of fortresses. The most renowned of which is the post of Agra. In 1572 he started a royal residence cumfort complex at Fatehpur Sikri. Work on a slope, alongside a huge counterfeit lake; it remembered numerous structures for the style of Gujarat and Bengal. The Gujarat style of engineering is utilized most broadly in the castle constructed likely for his Rajput spouse or wives. Akbar took an individual enthusiasm for crafted by development at both Agra and Fatehpur Sikri. Persian or focal impact can be found in the coated blue tiles utilized for embellishments in the dividers or for tiling the rooftops. The time of Shahjahan needs no notice. His period is the best time of building improvement. Mughal structural conventions depended on a mix of Hindu and Turko Iranian structures and enlivening plans proceeded without a break into the eighteenth and mid nineteenth hundreds of years. In this way Mughals customs impact the royal residence and fortresses of numerous commonplace and nearby realms. Indeed, even the brilliant sanctuary of the Sikhs at Amritsar which was reconstructed a few times during this period was based on the curve and vault guideline and fused numerous highlights of the Mughals customs of engineering. Painting The Mughals made an unmistakable commitment in the field of painting. They presented new topics portraying the court, fight scenes and the pursuit, included new hues and structures. They made a living convention of painting which kept on working in various pieces of the nation long after the magnificence of the Mughals vanished. The extravagance of the style once more, was because of the way that India had an old convention of compositions. While no palm leaves more seasoned than the twelfth century have made due to ind

Peeling the Onion Review Essay Example

Stripping the Onion Review Paper Paper on Peeling the Onion So impossible to miss, so honestly and unlikely nafantazirovat forcefully, bitingly showed genuine lifestyle of the author isn't so much as one age, and the entire century. In this book, there is no discourse, which I was exceptionally satisfied, particularly after Marc Levy, whose work is totally made out of them. Rest for the eyes, psyche and soul. Recollections of how the different parts of the figure one huge establishment, which the writer puts shooting harboring their cloak as had done ordinarily in his workshop, uncovering a ton of mortar and mud figures that came out of his hands; and now these recollections conceive an offspring in the perusers mind a persistent stream of pictures, mitigating and moving simultaneously I am extremely dazzled brushwork Grasse intense similitudes and startling assurance.; He isn't anxious about his own announcement, to consider a spade a spade, and this is valid. With no emotion and inordinate poignancy, the creator depicts the defining moments of his life and work What's more, however now and again a youngster who was an author in his childhood, looks disturbing - . It is egotistical, egocentric, fixated uniquely on himself, his work and his life, yet the peruser is hard not to draw matches with his own twofold and not notice a few similitudes between the two men that will without a doubt cause significantly more prominent compassion toward the creator. We will compose a custom article test on Peeling the Onion Review explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Peeling the Onion Review explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Peeling the Onion Review explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer  «Since I have nothing saved from the hour of adolescence and youth, ward tsya get to the most flawed of the considerable number of witnesses called Memory, fanciful, frequently experiencing headache woman whom talk says it is selling, if the case has a market domain. Here these words and make for the last time, for the last time permeated with deference for the creators character. I am cheerful that my colleague with crafted by the renowned German essayist started with his collection of memoirs. A few years prior, I went after the perusing of The Tin Drum and read pages fifty cast. Be that as it may, his journals the creator figured out how to stir in me an incredible enthusiasm for his innovative movement. So now I surely attempt to peruse all the books of Grasse, which will fall into my hands, vanquished and dazzled me so much that man Complete 10/10 - .. well Stripping the Onion Review Essay Example Stripping the Onion Review Paper Paper on Peeling the Onion Grasss personal book, which covers 20 years of his life, from 1939 the time of the start of World War II and the finish of the youth of the essayist, until 1959 the time of the distribution of his first novel. The book is most popular for the way that in her Nobel Prize victor discusses his administration in the SS. Actually, the book holds significantly more of this scabrous subtleties. Grass rehashes the destiny of numerous adolescents his time: inadequate training, call the front. Consistent with the front, he gets as far as possible of the war, maybe it spared us an extraordinary essayist. At that point he depicts the American POW camp (which additionally contain the freed Jews, since they had no place to go)), Germanys post-war life, the attention to the group and individual blame (which came a whole lot later). His story is loaded up with inconspicuous perceptions, which are not perused in the history books and you won't find in narratives. All encounters Grass composes honestly and transparently, as memory licenses. And afterward preparing and administration to workmanship, the principal scholarly trials, life. All immediate and forthright. Things being what they are, everything about Grass makes reference to in his books, he by one way or another endure itself and it is stunning)) obviou sly, he says many individuals: family members and not really;! discusses society overall (the German and European) and the difficulties that lie ahead this general public. We will compose a custom exposition test on Peeling the Onion Review explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Peeling the Onion Review explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Peeling the Onion Review explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We can not say that this book is the last of the essayist. However, it concerns the entire of his past movement, it likewise clarifies quite a bit of its mind boggling, massive books. Hence, for no situation can not begin perusing Grasse with bulbs, unexpectedly, for it to be taken, effectively familiar with in any event 2-3mya works. And afterward finish the rest and hang tight for the exchange of the rest.

Reactivity Series Investigation Essay Example for Free

Reactivity Series Investigation Essay Trial on Metals Aim-To discover which of these metals will be generally responsive with hydrochloric acid,and plan an examination to test it out. The Metals given:Calcium,Aluminium,Iron,Magnesium and Zinc. Forecast I anticipate that the metal will be the most responsive with hydrocholoric corrosive is calcium since calcium is in Group 2 which is the soluble earth metals in the occasional table and in light of the fact that calcium is at the outrageous left half of the intermittent table and as you go over a period,the component change from receptive metals on the left to non receptive metals on the right. On the extraordinary right of the intermittent table is the respectable gases. Additionally calcium is Group 2 which is the soluble earth metals and they are a piece of the responsive metals which is Group 1 and 2. Additionally out of the entirety of the metals given calcium responds all the more quicker with air and makes a shimmering locate and can harm your eyes making calcium oxide in word condition it is Calcium+Oxygen approaches calcium oxide. In synthetic condition it is 4Ca +O2 rises to 2 Ca2o. Calcium likewise responds more than zinc,aluminum,iron and magnesium with water and considerably more vicious and speedier making fume and moves a lot quicker than the other metal and makes a vigrous sizzling sound and effervescing in water and dissloves a lot quicker than different metals. The antacid metals get progressively receptive as you go down the gathering and calcium is further down than magnesium so in this manner it must be more responsive than magnesium. Calcium is in bunch 2 in the occasional table which is more receptive than iron and zinc in the transistion metals area of the intermittent table which isn't extremely responsive on the grounds that transisiton metals are the metals they use to construct structures or causing things since they to have high softening focuses and high densities. Calcium is in bunch 2 and is the more receptive out of the considerable number of metals is on the grounds that bunch 2 metals in the occasional table have low liquefying focuses than the change metals which iron and zinc have a place with and The poor metals which aluminum have a place with and they likewise have low densities than different metals. The following most responsive metal I think will be Magnesium since magnesium is higher in the gathering 2 than calcium and along these lines less receptive than calcium and significantly more receptive than iron,zinc and aluminum since when magnesium respond with oxygen it is more receptive than Iron or zinc or aluminum as we test it out when consuming it. The magnesium shimmered delivering a white light and transformed into another substance which can harm your eyes on the off chance that you take a gander at it legitimately with no defensive glass though the iron and zinc and aluminum didnt respond as vicious as this since they didnt transform into another sunstance yet they changed shading. The final product of the magnesium responding with oxygen is magnesium oxide that is in word condition magnesium+oxygen rises to magnesium oxide. The substance condition is 4Mg+O2 equivalents to 2Mg2O. The other explanation I think magnesium is more receptive than different metals separated from calcium is on the grounds that magnesium responds more savage than iron, zinc and aluminum in water a lot quicker than them. The word condition for this response is Magensium+water approaches Magnesium hydroxide+hydrogen gas and the concoction condition is 2Mg+2h2O equivalents 2MgOH+H2. So if calcium and magnesium acts viciously with water and oxygen it will act all the more fiercely with weaken hydrocholoric corrosive. Equipement: - 1 Gas syringe - 1 Stop clock - 5 Conical cup - Delivery tube - Powders 0. 5g - 1 Bunsen Burner - 1 warmth verification tangle - 1 cloth tangle - 1 tri-case - Top container balance - Hydrocholoric corrosive - 1 Spatula - 5 petri-dishes - 1 Clamp stand - A case of Matches - A Splint - 1 estimating chamber - Sticky marks - 1 thermometer - 1 bung Plan-First of all gather all the hardware on the equipement list. At that point get all the various powders which aluminum powder,magnesium powder,calcium powder,iron fillings and zinc powder. In the wake of getting all the powders get a spatula and the top skillet balance. At that point plug in the top container adjust and gauge the mass of each powder to 0. 5g utilizing the spatula and the petri dish to place the powder in other savvy it will be all over the place. The explanation we are utilizing the plastic petri-dish is on the grounds that they have less mass than measuring utencils which we need to do computations. The petri-dishs mass isn't just 0. 1g whicle measuring utencils will be much heavier and hence we need to remove containers mass from the powder and beakerss mass. In the wake of gauging all the various powders put them in the pertri-dish and put clingy marks on them composing what each metal are so we dont get stirred up with the metals e. g. Assume to test aluminum however got zinc powder. In the wake of putting the names on the powders we are going get the estimating chamber and measure hydrocholic corrosive which is 15cm3 and after we estimated it we are going to place it into a conelike flagon. Rehash the estimating of the hydrocholic corrosive and placing it into the cone shaped carafe till all the 5 conelike flagons have 15cm3 of hydrocholic corrosive. At that point get the brace stand and put the gas syringe in or set up the gas syringe ensure it doesnt tumble off. At that point bung the conveyance cylinder to one of the conelike cup so we can fit the conveyance tube onto the highest point of the syringe where the gas enters the syringe. At that point we reset the stop clock on the off chance that we need to and put the calcium powder in the conelike flagon and when it is in the funnel shaped cup we rapidly start the stop clock. At that point following 10 seconds we are going to take our perusing and record so we will do a perusing at regular intervals. For very powder we are going to test for 2 minutes thus every powder will have 12 readings on the grounds that there is 12 10 seconds shortly. So we will do calcium poder first and afterward magnesium.

When Should I Start ACT or SAT Test Prep Downloadable PDF

Preparing for the SAT or ACT is a lengthy process that we recommend starting in the spring of your sophomore year of high school or the following summer. Starting with a free proctored SAT or ACT Exam is a great way to gain some initial practice and assess your baseline score(s). Based on your test-taking experience and score, we can help you decide which exam you should prepare for – either the ACT or the SAT. From there, we will provide specific recommendations based on your scores. Be sure to click on the image below to review the PDF: When Should I Start ACT or SAT Test Prep? Your Roadmap to Test Success. At A+ Test Prep and Tutoring, we are here to help you navigate the standardized testing process. If you need instruction or practice in any aspect of the SAT or ACT, we have experienced tutors who will work with you until you feel confident. If you would like more information, our Client Service Directors Anne Stanley and Susan Ware are available to answer questions and provide solutions. You may reach either of them by calling A+ Test Prep and Tutoring at 215-886-9188.

Taking a Look at the Rwandan Genocide - 627 Words

The struggle for power and the constant tension between these two groups led to the event that would spark this genocide. It would occur at 8:30 p.m., on April 6th 1994. On this day President Juvà ©nal Habyarimana of Rwanda was returning from a summit and his plane was shot down, causing the death of everyone on board. (BBC) Hutu extremist immediately took control over the government and blamed the assassination on the Tutsi. This was the last straw for the Hutu. The killing began in Rwanda’s capital city Kigali. The slaughter was led by anti-Tutsi youth organization called Interahamwe (New York Times). Within a few days roadblocks were set up in order to check for identification. Anyone who was Tutsi was killed immediately. (History 1900’s) April 7th things escalated. Hutu extremist began purging the government of their opponents. This led to the death of both Hutu, and Tutsi people. Over the next couple days violence spread throughout Rwanda. The government had access to all the names and locations of the Tutsi. This allowed the killers to go door-to-door slaughtering the Tutsi. (National Geographic) Because bullets were quite expensive the main weapon of choice were hand weapons. Many Tutsi were tortured before killing, while others could choose to pay for bullets in order to have a swift death. While many Tutsi men were tortured before death they were not the only ones. Thousands of Tutsi women were raped then killed, or were kept as sex slaves for weeks at a time.Show MoreRelatedTaking a Look at the Rwandan Genocide1016 Words   |  4 Pagessmall group of African leaders came together and blamed other countries such as the United States and the members of the United Nation’s for not intervening on the genocide that was occurring. Others, however, stated that it was not their place to get in the middle of a civil war. Looking deeper into this matter, s ome even say that the Rwandan government shares a portion of the blame for putting the two groups, the Hutus and the Tutsis, against each other. There has been a long, thick tension betweenRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide1637 Words   |  7 PagesWith over eight hundred thousand to one million deaths, the Rwandan genocide is undoubtedly one of the most sad and shocking examples of the lack of intervention by not only the US and the UN, but by other countries as well. The ongoing tensions between the Hutu, the largest population in Rwanda, and the Tutsi, the smaller and more elite population is what eventually lead to the Rwandan genocide. The killings began quickly after President Habyarimana s plane was shot down. After hundreds of thousandsRead MoreEssay on Genocide: Examples of Rowanda and Germany885 Words   |  4 Pagesdefinition, genocide is the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation. The Rwandan G enocide was the 1994 mass killing of hundreds of thousands of Rwandas Tutsis and Hutu political moderates by the Hutu dominated government under the Hutu Power ideals. Hutus believed the Tutsi were taking their jobs, and that they were foreigners who had worn out their welcome (Genocide-Rwanda). In comparison to Germany, the largest genocide in history,Read MoreEssay on Rwandan Genocide: Tutsis versus Hutus1421 Words   |  6 PagesRwandan Genocide: Tutsis vs. Hutus The many tears that stream down my face cry for the generations of my kids to come. I sit here as an innocent victimized Tutsi woman, to tell you my story of the Rwandan genocide and how it impacted my people. Through many years of pain and suffering I sit here before you to relieve my anger and install my knowledge of why the Belgium through colonization only installed more love in me toward my people and hatred towards me for not being able to help my peopleRead MoreThe Documentary Ghost Of Rwanda 987 Words   |  4 PagesThe documentary â€Å"Ghost in Rwanda† illustrates the devastation of the 1994 Genocide where approximately eight hundred thousand Rwandans were exterminated by their own government. The genocide was a result of ongoing conflicts between the Hutu, the ethnic majority in Rwanda, and the Tutsi the ethnic minority. The United Nation assisted in the establishment of a peace agreement between the two warring parties and sent General Romeo Dallaire, UN Force Co mmander, to Rwanda to ensure the terms of the agreementRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide1382 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"When you start to see another human being as less than you, it s a danger.†-Immaculee Ilibagiza. In 1994, a mass genocide broke out in Rwanda, a small country in Africa. The genocide occurred between the two ethnic groups where the Hutus were targeting the tutsis. The Rwandan genocide, ranking in the top five largest genocides in the world, was caused because of the resentment the hutus had towards the tutsis and was even more instigated by media and outsiders causing differences between the twoRead MoreThe Genocide : A Mass Murder Of People From A Ethnic Group1648 Words   |  7 PagesA genocide is a mass murder of people from a particular ethnic group or nation. The genocide in Rwanda seems to start when the Rwandan president Juvenal Habyarimana, a Hutu, was shot down above Kigali airport in 1994.The political and historical context was hand led passably as it showed to an extent how innocent Hutus and Tutsis were being slaughtered. It also mentioned the president being Hutu and Tutsis killed him from his plane, and how the radio announcers were calling Tutsis cockroaches andRead MoreThe Genocide Of The Rwandan Genocide2458 Words   |  10 PagesGenocide has been plaguing the world for hundreds of years. Millions of innocent lives have been taken all for the sake of prejudice. One of the most atrocious aspects of genocide is that a large percentage of them are sponsored by the state in which they are taking place. Over the years scholars have studied just what motivates a state to engage in such awful behavior. What motivates them? Why would they do such horrendous things to their own citizens? Is it solely for some economic incentive, orRead MoreAn Ordinary Man1209 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernment agents, does it change how you look at the role graft plays in society? This is not just a â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no † answer. Explain your answer. No, graft will always be in a government. Whether it is a governor being tried for adultery or a president being impeached, graft is a role in every government. Without it, Rusesabagina or Schindler would not have been successful in carrying out their compromises. 5. How does Rusesabagina use the â€Å"Rwandan No† as a way to critique first his own cultureRead MoreNegative Effects Of Imperialism1139 Words   |  5 Pagesconquered in order to â€Å"civilize† them,† according to Vern Cleary, the author of â€Å"Motives of Imperialism.† During the Scramble for Africa, these ideas were very prevalent, considering the European countries felt no guilt and didn’t think twice before taking the land from the Africans. These beliefs don’t last just over night. Even after Africa was freed from Europe, people still believe that their race is superior, and these beliefs have still lasted to this day. As you can see, imperialism causes racism

Teen Pregnancy is a Growing Problem in the United States

Among many of the preventable diseases and health problems there is one in particular that is rooted deep within my hometown. I am a part of the graduating class of 2013 from Seaside high school, located in a tourist town on the northern Oregon coast, where according to the United States Census Bureau the median income as of 2012 was $24,201 (table 1).I remember in high school there was always a girl I knew who was pregnant, but it was not until recently when I noticed so many of my classmates and friends announcing due dates. According to Medline Plus, adolescent or teen pregnancy can be defined as â€Å"pregnancy in girls age 19 or younger† (para. 1). According to the CDC’s â€Å"Births: Final Data for 2012† report, for girls between the ages of 15-19 there were 305,388 live births, or 29.4 live births per 1,000 population (para. 1,2). Between the years of 2010 and 2012 there were 39 pregnancies recorded for girls between the ages of 10 and 19 in Seaside, Orego n and for the same time period and age group there were 110 pregnancies in Clatsop County (the county that Seaside resides within) according to the â€Å"Oregon Teen Pregnancy Count† (table 1). Teen pregnancy is preventable and yet it is still a major problem, especially in rural counties. Teen pregnancy is a growing problem in the United States and while it is constantly being addressed by school’s sex education classes and by public speakers, there really is not enough information about how expensive and painful having a childShow MoreRelatedTeen Pregnancy Research Paper820 Words   |  4 PagesTeenage Pregnancy in America Teen pregnancy is a growing epidemic in the United States. Teen girls are becoming pregnant at an alarming rate, with a lot of the pregnancies planned. With television shows broadcasting shows such as â€Å"16 and Pregnant† and â€Å"Teen Mom†, it is giving teenage girls the idea that it is alright to have premarital sex and become pregnant. It is in a way condoning teen pregnancy. I am interested in discussing teen pregnancy and the options that are out there for theRead MoreEssay on Teenage Pregnancy and Prevention1320 Words   |  6 Pagescare and support teenage births. Although teen pregnancy has declined in the past, the United States is still number one out of all industrialized countries of teen pregnancies. Therefore, implementing an in depth sex education class covering parenting in schools will allow teens to fully understand he consequences of having protected or unprotected sex. All children deserve love and care from their parents. The United States has a higher rate of teen pregnancy than other countries because one is notRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Costs The United States1577 Words   |  7 Pages Section One: â€Å"Why?† The United States has the highest rates of teen pregnancy and births in the western industrialized world. Teen pregnancy costs the United States at least $7 billion annually. Family First Aid has stated that â€Å"thirty-four percent of young women become pregnant at least once before they reach the age of 20 — about 820,000 a year. Eight in ten of these teen pregnancies are unintended and 79 percent are to unmarried teens.† You may ask why so many teens are pregnant. It may be becauseRead MoreEssay on Is Teen Pregnancy a Problem?1044 Words   |  5 PagesHow many pregnant teens have there been? Over the years more girls are becoming teen moms. In Oklahoma teen pregnancy has become a problem. Recently Oklahoma has had a pregnancy rate of 47.5% (Tulsa World). Not only is it an issue in Oklahoma but an issue in the United States as a whole. The lack of awareness and how to prevent pregnancy is a reason to blame for the increasing numbers. The more we don’t make people aware of the increasing teen pregnancy rate and how to prevent then the numbers willRead MoreSexual Education And Teen Pregnancy1238 Words   |  5 PagesSexual education need to be inforce more properly because it is causing a rapid growth in teen pregnancy and STD’S. Teen pregnancy is a female under the age of 20. Teen pregnancy is found more common between the ages of 13-18 years of age. Today there is over 250,000 teen mothers in the United States. The main reason for teen pregnancy is because of lack of sexual education, lack of safe sex, lack of support from the parents or guardians, lack of protection, and lack using of birth control. SexualRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Essay1660 Words   |  7 PagesEach year approximately 750,000 adolescents (ages 15-19) in the United States will become pregnant and about 400,000 of those adolescents will give birth. Out of all the developed nations in the world, the United States has the highest incidence of teen pregnancy. Although there has been a decline in the number of pregnancies among adolescents, teen pregnancy is still a serious health concern that needs continued intervention. It is widely agreed upon that becoming pregnant at a young age has negativeRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy Sections I And II1738 Words   |  7 PagesTopic: Teenage Pregnancy Sections I and II Primary Audience: My primary audience is the citizens of the U.S.; this includes tax payers, parents, state officials, education officials and teen moms. In the U.S. we have several teens that are experiencing unprotected sex, without any knowledge of pregnancy prevention or sex education. When teen girls become pregnant, this also affects the parents. This is a huge responsibility and burden for all involved parties. Health benefits are needed forRead MoreEssay on Babies Having Babies1538 Words   |  7 Pagesthough the teen pregnancy and birth rates have dropped by one-third over the past decade, teen pregnancy in the United States is a growing problem. According to data by the National Center for Health Statistics and other official data, one in three girls still become pregnant by the age of twenty (Brown lines 1-3). In the United States one million adolescent girls become pregnant every year causing the U.S. to be the leader of the developed world in teen pregnancy. One in four of these teen girls willRead MoreEssay Teen Pregnancy1403 Words   |  6 PagesThere is a lot of teen mothers growing up in this world wondering, what if I would have stayed in school? W hat could I have become? Would it have made my life easier if I had thought first? There is many causes for teen pregnancy. They lead to the need for the desire of love by another person. One might have a poor home life and would want something like their peers have. A teen may have a low self-esteem and simply be looking for acceptance. However, many teens that have a wonderfulRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy1341 Words   |  6 PagesTeenage pregnancy is a prominent dilemma in our nation because it continues to place adolescents into delinquency. According to the United States Health and Human Services, three out of ten American teen girls will become pregnant at least once before they reach the age of twenty. That is nearly 750,000 teen pregnancies in a year (1) (HHS Pg.2 2014). Also according to U.S. Department of State, teen pregnancy budgets the United States and tax payers approximately seven billion dollars annually (2)

The Importance of Physical Fitness During Pregnanc Essay Example For Students

The Importance of Physical Fitness During Pregnanc Essay y It is good for any woman to be physically fit throughout her life. However, being in good physical condition before becoming pregnant is substantial. Being fit helps a womans body meet the physical demands of carrying and delivering a baby. Regular exercise reduces the occurrence of common pregnancy ailments. Unless a doctor decides against it for medical reasons, pregnant women can and should be active before, during and after pregnancy. It is recommended that pregnant women keep their exercises at a moderate level. Running isnt recommended unless the mother was a runner before she became pregnant, especially in the third trimester. Some very helpful exercises can include: Rhythmic and repetitive activities such as walking, bicycling, and swimming are difficult enough to demand increased oxygen to the muscles, but not so difficult that the need for oxygen exceeds the supply (Clapp 1). These activities enhance the ability to process and use oxygen, and improve blood circulation, which in turn increases the transportation of nutrients and oxygen to the baby. They also decrease the risk of hemorrhoids, fluid retention and varicose veins. They increase muscle tone and strength and also help to build endurance. These exercises promote better sleeping and more confidence (Hudson 3). The second type of exercise is especially designed for pregnancy. Calisthenics are rhythmic exercises that are light gymnastics movements that develop and tone muscles, which can also promote better posture. This type of exercise significantly helps to relieve any backache that a woman could be experiencing and it prepares the body for childbirth. The third exercise includes relaxation techniques, which help to conserve energy for when it really needs to be used. It helps assist the mind to focus and increase awareness. The fourth type, Kegel exercises, is where the woman contracts the vaginal muscles, as if to stop the flow of urine. This strengthens the muscles that surround the openings of the urethra, vagina and anus, which can become weak due to the constant pressure of pregnancy. It has been shown through studies that exercising aids in strength, flexibility, muscle tone and endurance, all in which help in areas such as carrying extra weight, preparing for the physical stresses of labor and contributing in shedding the pounds postpartum (Gulino 2). Exercise also helps in relieving that excess weight gain, swelling, varicose veins, fatigue and leg cramps. It helps to prevent depression and establish confidence both before and after labor. Exercise lowers stress and improves emotional health. It has been shown through studies that women who exercise during pregnancy have shorter labors as well as a decreased need for painkillers and an epidural during labor and delivery (Hudson 1). A good pregnancy program that is built into a womans daily lifestyle has its many benefits. Some helpful hints on what to do are to exercise three to four times a week avoiding bouncy movements that can just snap the muscles like a rubber band. Take a pulse rate during the peak of an activity, keeping a target heart rate within certain limits, usually set by a doctor or midwife. To reduce shock and provide sure footing, exercise on a well-carpeted surface or a wooden floor. While standing up from floor exercises, rise up gradually to prevent any dizziness. Be sure and drink as much fluids as possible to prevent feeling thirsty and dehydration (Artal 3). Also make sure and get enough calories to meet both the extra needs of pregnancy and the exercise performed. If a doctor or midwife says no than there must be a good reason. Obviously if she is on bed rest then that basically eliminates any kind of exercise. Conditions that may prevent her from exercising are toxemia, an incompetent cervix and gestational diabetes. It is important that one must not exercise if she isnt feeling well or if the weather outside is too hot or humid. .u398f327f06181849b7bfdad38f18aa4e , .u398f327f06181849b7bfdad38f18aa4e .postImageUrl , .u398f327f06181849b7bfdad38f18aa4e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u398f327f06181849b7bfdad38f18aa4e , .u398f327f06181849b7bfdad38f18aa4e:hover , .u398f327f06181849b7bfdad38f18aa4e:visited , .u398f327f06181849b7bfdad38f18aa4e:active { border:0!important; } .u398f327f06181849b7bfdad38f18aa4e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u398f327f06181849b7bfdad38f18aa4e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u398f327f06181849b7bfdad38f18aa4e:active , .u398f327f06181849b7bfdad38f18aa4e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u398f327f06181849b7bfdad38f18aa4e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u398f327f06181849b7bfdad38f18aa4e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u398f327f06181849b7bfdad38f18aa4e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u398f327f06181849b7bfdad38f18aa4e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u398f327f06181849b7bfdad38f18aa4e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u398f327f06181849b7bfdad38f18aa4e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u398f327f06181849b7bfdad38f18aa4e .u398f327f06181849b7bfdad38f18aa4e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u398f327f06181849b7bfdad38f18aa4e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Essay Exercise that is very strenuous or that requires one to bear down or hold her breath is not recommended. Physically fit mothers generally recover quicker from labor and delivery, both mentally and physically, than unfit mothers. Postpartum exercise will help a mother restore a new sense of identity, shed the weight gained during pregnancy, restore .

Social and Organisational Issues in Project Management

Table of Contents Introduction Leadership Role Style Communication Project Procedures Teambuilding Conclusion Reference List Introduction Extant literature demonstrates that the past several decades have been manifested by rapid growth in the exploitation of project management as a viable means by which contemporary organizations the world over realize their set objectives (Meredith Mantel 2011; Piyush, Dangayash Mittak 2011), as well as their competitive advantage (Jones 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social and Organisational Issues in Project Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As acknowledged by Meredith Mantel (2011), most projects were external to the organization in the past, but the rapid proliferation in the use of projects in recent years has primarily been targeted to the sphere of projects internal to the organization. Despite the substantial scholarship focussed on the critica l sphere of project management both in the developed and developing world, little attention has been given to understanding the drivers of conflict that profile the trajectory of projects and influence their successful completion (Boudet, Jayasunder Davis 2011). The principal objective of the present paper is to identify and critically discuss four social and organisational issues that could be areas of potential conflict in a project. The areas earmarked for analysis include leadership role and style, communication, project procedures, and teambuilding. Leadership Role Style In spite of advances in the project management profession, consecutive research studies demonstrates that many projects fail, underscoring the immense significance of the project manager’s role as manager. Distinctively, the manager’s leadership role and style are of considerable consequence in not only motivating people but also generating an effective working environment in order for the proje ct team to successfully surmount greater challenges in contemporary global economy (Geoghegan Dulewicz 2008). A research conducted by in 2005 by Turner and Muller and cited in Anantatmula (2010) demonstrates that â€Å"†¦different project leadership styles are appropriate at different stages of the project life cycle, and the project manager has a leadership role in creating an effective working environment for the project team† (p. 13).Advertising Looking for essay on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This therefore implies that leaders themselves may be the cause of conflict in project environments, not only in the context of applying the wrong leadership style but also in failing to create an effective working environment which is needed to reinforce the collaboration of cross-functional team members working in various spheres or aspects of the project. As suggested in the literature, it may i ndeed be true that leadership style and competence in project settings are not directly related to project success (Anantatmula 2010); however, it can be argued that these two variables are critical to facilitating various project success factors that eliminate any sources of conflict and hence contributing to project performance. Conversely therefore, it can be argued that a leader who exercises authoritarian leadership style is likely to lose the confidence of team members in addition to their respect, loyalty, and willingness to cooperate in project activities. Lack of adequate understanding of leadership role, according to available literature, will not only escalate intergroup conflict, but will also lead to poor project performance, poor decision making, lack of stakeholder satisfaction, and incoherent team development (Geoghegan Dulewicz 2008; Hanisch et al 2009). All these issues, in my view, are predestined to cause conflict in project environments and, subsequently, poor project outcomes and performance. Additionally, leaders themselves propel conflict by failing to develop and internalise leadership challenges. It mat be true that the quality of leadership in project environments depends heavily on the leader’s personal experience and credibility within the organization (Geoghegan Dulewicz 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social and Organisational Issues in Project Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, good leaders must demonstrate a set of competencies that include conflict management, negotiation, and effective communication (Hudson et al 2005), integrity, charisma and persuasiveness, motivation, vision, supportive of team members, and leadership by example (Piyush et al 2011), as well as good problem-solving skills, ability to handle interpersonal conflict, capacity to plan and elicit commitments, and above-average intelligence (Hanisch et al 200 9). Communication Available literature demonstrates that â€Å"†¦communication in projects is essential for projects to succeed† (Ramsing 2011, p. 345). At the outset, effective two-way communication is a critical ingredient in any project activity because it engages both the senders (i.e., project managers) and receivers (i.e., stakeholders and employees) in a meaningful discourse about the vision, context, and scope of the proposed or ongoing project activity and its organisational and personal repercussions, thereby reducing potential conflict or resistance to the project (Levasseur 2010). Consequently, it can be argued that communication that is not guided by the doctrine of meaningful exchange of ideas presents a critical area of potential conflict in a project because some stakeholders may feel that their ideas and feelings are not taken into consideration in a manner that is not only likely to address their concerns satisfactorily, but also enhance their commitmen t to the project. Additionally, due to the ongoing globalization affecting all fronts of our society, projects tasks and activities are increasingly undertaken by team members from a multiplicity of linguistic, racial and cultural backgrounds (Proctor Doukakis 2003). This predisposition, in my view, has generated potential hotspots for conflict, especially for leaders who are yet to acquaint themselves with knowledge on how to deal with multicultural work teams. It is reported in the literature that although multicultural project teams are â€Å"†¦designed to pool resources and increase operational efficiencies, the cultural diversity of team members may create a longer learning curve for establishing effective processes than culturally homogenous groups† (Vesala-Varttala Varttala 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It can be rightly argued that single most important process that suffers the greatest in multicultural project teams is that of communication, leading to potential conflict witnessed in negative feelings among stakeholders, lack of clear vision of project goals and objectives, unmet project deadlines and expectations, lack of morale and insecurity. It is very clear from the analysis that these problems arise from failure to use two-way communication as well as failure to develop appropriate communication competencies that are intrinsically needed in multicultural project team settings. It is important for project leaders to realize that effective communication keeps important information and progress about project goals, objectives, and milestones flooding throughout the system that is affected by the project (Levasseur 2010). Arising from the ongoing, project managers should not only ensure that the internal information and communication avenues work effectively to the satisfaction of all stakeholders, but must also establish an open information climate with the view to improve interpersonal interactive communication channels in project settings (Proctor Doukakis 2003). Additionally, it is imperative for leaders to receive adequate exposure and training on leading multicultural teams with the view to reduce the negative effects that are occasioned ineffective communication. It should be noted that while ineffective communication may be the genesis of conflict in many organisational settings, successful project outcomes are realized when all stakeholders are fully integrated and aligned with project objectives using effective communication frameworks. Project Procedures Available literature demonstrates that many projects fail not only because they are unable to develop and actualise detailed administrative operating procedures to be followed, but also because they do not secure approval from key administrators (Bryde 2003). As a matter of principle, many pro jects operate without clearly defined procedures and do not take time to develop a statement of understanding or charter (Lientz Rea 2002). In the build-up phase, for example, many projects fail to schedule work breakdown packages, also known as project subunits, in liaison with functional team groups, leading to conflict exacerbated by communication breakdowns, lack of adequate knowledge of project goals and objectives, lack of cooperation between and among teams, as well as lack of effective feedback that could be used by team members to deal with challenges and forecast future project plans. It is also true that many project leaders not only fail to schedule monitoring and evaluation activities in the project life cycle, but do not consider reallocating available manpower resources to critical project areas that have been earmarked as prone to schedule slippages (Bryde 2003). In such instances, conflict arises from the inability of leaders to utilise available human resources as well as their incapacity to identify potential hotspot areas and consider possible alternatives. Additionally, the leaders are unable to attain prompt resolution of arising technical issues which may adversely impact project schedules, not only leading to conflict but also jeopardizing the realization of the targeted project objectives and outcomes. Power and authority struggles in project settings have also been identified as a likely cause of poor project procedures. According to Sutterfield et al (2007, p. 219), â€Å"†¦there are the departmental or organizational managers who are vested in protecting their own interests in the project, whether directly or indirectly†. In many instances, these low-cadre administrators consider the authority and sovereignty for autonomous action and decision-making accorded by the senior administration to the project leader to be infringing on their authority. Such departmental managers are concerned with maintaining the status quo of their own organizations and hence may endeavour to oblige the project manager to conform to each and every regulation pertaining to their separate spheres of interest, leading to conflict espoused by blatant disregard of the processes and procedures set to govern the interrelationships existing between and among project teams. Lack of properly formulated project procedures trigger deviations from the original project goals and objectives, implying that the project may be unable to justify the heavy investments made as it may fail even before it is completed. This leads to conflict between the funding agencies and the organisation. Teambuilding Building a fully functional and collaborative project team is one of the critical responsibilities of the project manager (Thomas et al 2008). In project environments, it is widely assumed that the â€Å"†¦team member’s goals are consistent with one another because any given project is typically focused on solving problems for a homogeneous set of stakeholders within a given functional area† (Jones 2008, p. 113). However, as demonstrated by this particular author, team building efforts are often affected by the scope and duration of the project, shifts in the initial project goals, change of team members, flagging enthusiasm and reduced financial or material resources. These factors may lead to conflict in a project. Additionally, important responsibilities of project teams may be affected by lack of collective team participation, inadequate skills and knowledge, lack of shared responsibilities, and insufficient creative talents (Gustafson Kleiner 1994; Thomas et al 2008). The problems related to lack of effective team building framework in project settings are often manifested in lack of definition of purpose, lack of a focused future, and absence of focused tasks, creative talents and rapid responses (Thomas et al 2008), as well as poor project performance (Jones 2008). To be effective, project lea ders must, in conjunction with other relevant stakeholders, nurture an atmosphere conducive to the realization of teamwork by not only creating good interpersonal relations and team spirit (Harris Harris 1996), but also demonstrating team building competencies such as good project leadership, open communication among team members and support organizations, unequivocal commitment to the project, and sincere interest in the professional and social growth of team members (Gustafson Kleiner 1994; Jones 2008). Overall, project leaders must realize that they must build teams in such a manner that all stakeholders can and will function together cooperatively and corroboratively to accomplish the shared goals and objectives of the project (Thomas et al 2008). Conclusion Conflict in project settings is inevitable and may originate from different quarters within the complex social systems we call organizations, primarily because they have inadequate means with which to satisfy the conflicti ng interests of their various stakeholders (Butler 1973). The present paper has discussed at length the four social and organizational issues that could present areas of potential conflict in any project setting. The issues discussed in this paper include leadership role and style, communication, project procedures, and teambuilding, though extant literature demonstrates that projects are also faced by myriad other issues such as politics, conflict of interests, ethics and knowledge management, among others (Bryde 2003; Larson Gray 2010). While the other issues may form an interesting topic of discussion in another paper, the present paper has been exhaustive and focused in discussing why these issues may or does often occur. It is interesting to underscore the fact that all these issues present real challenges to the successful implementation of projects, and hence project managers may find it noteworthy to read and digest the practical solutions contained in this paper for succes sful project outcomes. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that these issues are interrelated and therefore require concerted and multi-dimensional efforts to solve them rather than dealing with them on an individual basis. Reference List Anantatmula, VS 2010, ‘Project manager leadership role in improving project performance’, Engineering Management Journal, vol. 22 no. 1, pp. 13-22. Boudet, HS, Jayasundera, DC Davis, J, ‘Drivers of conflict in developing country infrastructure projects: Experience from the water and pipeline sectors’, Journal of Construction Engineering Management, vol. 137 no. 7, pp. 498-511. Bryde, DJ 2003, ‘Project management concepts, methods and application’, International journal of Operations Production Management, vol. 23 no. 7, pp. 775-793. Butler, AG 1973, ‘Project management: A study in organizational conflict’, Academy of Management journal, vol. 16 no. 1, pp. 84-101. Geoghegan, L Dulewicz, V 20 08, ‘Do project managers’ leadership competencies contribute to project success?’, Project Management journal, vol. 39 no. 4, pp. 58-67. Gustafson, K Kleiner, BH 1994, ‘New developments in teambuilding’, Industrial Commercial Training, vol. 26 no. 9, pp. 17-22. Hanisch, B, Lindner, F, Mueller, A Wald, A 2009, ‘Knowledge management in project environments’, Journal of Knowledge Management, vol. 13 no. 4, pp. 148-160. Harris, PR Harris, KG 1996, ‘Managing effectively through teams’, Team Performance Management, vol. 2 no. 3, pp. 23-36. Hudson, K, Grisham, T, Srinivason, P Moussa, N 2005, Conflict management, negotiation, and effective communication: Essential Skills for Project Managers. Web. Jones, MC 2008, ‘Large scale project team building: Beyond the basics’, Communications of the ACM, vol. 51 no. 10, pp. 113-116. Larson, EW Gray CF 2010, Project management: The managerial process, McGraw Hill, New York, NY. Levasseur, RE 2010, ‘People skills: Ensuring project success – A change management perspective’, Interfaces, vol. 40 no. 2, pp. 159-162. Lientz, BP Rea, KP 2002, Project management for the 21st century, 3rd edn, Taylor Francis, London. Meredith, JR Mentel, SJ 2011, Project management: A managerial approach, 8th edn, John Wiley Sons, Hoboken, NJ. Piyush, M, Dangayash, GS Mittak, ML 2011, ‘A study of critical project success parameters in different organizational conditions’, Advances in Management, vol. 4 no. 8, pp. 50-56. Proctor, T Doukakis, I 2003, ‘Change management: The role of internal communication and employee development’, Corporate Communications: An International Journal, vol. 8 no. 4, pp. 268-277. Ramsing, L 2009, ‘Project communication in a strategic internal perspective’, Corporate Communications: An International Journal, vol. 14 no. 3, pp. 345-357. Sutterfield, JS, Friday-Stroud, SS Shivers-Blackwe ll, SL 2007, ‘How not to manage a project: Conflict management lessons learned from a DODF case study’, Journal of Behavioural Applied Management, vol. 8 no. 8, pp. 218-238. Thomas, M, Jacques, PH, Adams, JR Kihneman-Wooten, J 2008, ‘Developing an effective project: Planning and teambuilding combined’, Project Management Journal, vol. 39 no. 4, pp. 105-113. Vesala-Varttala, T Varttala, T 2010, Challenges and successes in multicultural corporate communication, HAAGA-HELIA. This essay on Social and Organisational Issues in Project Management was written and submitted by user Charle1gh to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Information Security Essay

Information Security Essay Information Security Essay Network Security Past Present and Future ISSC340: Local Area Network Technologies Smith American Military University Introduction to Network Security Since the development of computer networks there have been weaknesses and those seeking to exploit them. Initially the reasons make have been non malicious and academic in nature, but later became ways to steal valuable data in cyberspace. Those who break into networks aka hackers have many different reasons for their network breaches and could range from stealing corporate secrets and national security information to those just getting a thrill and earning bragging rights to other hackers. Whatever the reason hackers have those seeking to protect themselves from these breaches will need to rely on Information Security professionals to keep network breaches to a minimum and ensure data remains protected. As more and more entities build networks of their own and put more and more data in cyberspace incidents of breaches will continue to increase as will the need to defend from them. Beginning of a Need for Network Security The history of network security can trace its roots to much earlier times and has roots in cryptography. People have used certain types of encryption to secure messages, information, communications and data for as long as opposing militaries and countries have wanted to get that information. During WW2 the famous enigma machine was developed and used to encrypt German communications. Today’s computers and networks utilize encryption and authentication techniques in order to prevent unauthorized users from accessing the network and stealing information, secrets and other important data. (Marion, 2011) In the late 60s the origins of today’s internet the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was commissioned by the Department of Defense (DOD) for the purpose of researching networking. As we know by the large use of the internet ARPANET was a huge success, although it was originally intended for the sharing of data bet ween scientists and research. An Inter-Networking Working Group was developed to set standards in order to govern the network. Vinton Cerf was elected chairman of that working group. Cerf along with Bob Kahn and a team of others develop TCP/IP so computers using the internet can have a common language. One problem with TCP/IP is there are no security protocols within the communication stack. (Dava) While originally a limited number of computers were on the internet, the mid 80s saw a huge increase in personal computers and network ready servers which allow many companies and users to utilize the internet for the first time. In the 90s the World Wide Web was made available to the public. Before long massive numbers of people across the world are conducting e-business, communication, commerce, shopping, education, research and numerous other uses for the information super highway. Historical Threats to Computer Networks and Demand for Security A few of the more memorable network breaches in history exposed numerous flaws in networks and motivations for why some hackers expound large effort to breach these networks. Below are some of the more notable and show an example of different strategies for the same outcome, which is breaching a network. *In 1978 Gary Thuerk made the first mass email now known as SPAM on ARPANET advertising for a new model of computers. (Messmer, 2008) *On 2 NOV 1988 Cornell graduate student Robert Morris made an experimental self-replicating and self-propagating program and put it on the internet. The damage was much more than intended and computers at universities, military sites, medical facilities and others were infected. (Messmer, 2008) *In 2006 Jeanson James Ancheta who turned numerous computers on the Naval Warfare Center and the Defense Information Systems Agency into botnets to send spam was arrested. (Messmer, 2008) *In Information security Essay Information security Essay No4 Briefing update Regulating the Internet Will the Internet be allowed to develop as a completely unfettered medium, or will telecom and content regulators from government and industry play a major role in overseeing what happens? Opinion is divided. Almost three-quaters of the population would like to see some form of regulation but most people are unsure how it can be done. Whichever way the dust settles on this issue, the tension between free and regulated flow of online information will continue to spark heated debates amongst academics, policymakers, entrepreneurs and activists across the globe. Early in the new year, the Commission is to arrange a seminar to discuss the issue of Internet content regulation, as its contribution to the debate. Within the review of broadcasting regulation in the UK, the rapidly expanding use of the Internet plays a critical part. In its response to the Government’s green paper on the regulation of the communications industry, the Broadcasting Standards Commission called the Internet â€Å"a cross between a tribal notice board, an information exchange, a library, a chat line, an entertainment centre, a shopping and banking hall, and a post box..† In the Commission’s view it would be impractical to seek to apply the same regulatory requirements to what are essentially private applications as opposed to those which are public. With its experience in the regulation of content, the Commission is frequently asked to contribute to conferences and seminars on Internet issues. This edition of Briefing Update seeks to outline some of the issues for both the present and the future. A review written for the Commission by Madan Rao takes a broad view and this is followed by a consideration of regulatory issues with respect to the protection of children. Surfing the issues by Madan Rao National policy Perhaps the biggest challenge for national policymakers dealing with the Internet comes from the convergence it makes possible. Issues relating to the Internet economy necessarily involve inputs from the departments of trade or commerce, broadcast and print media, the telecommunications and electronics industries, education departments, national security and policing, consumer groups, and the private sector. Incorporating and addressing all their concerns within a comprehensive economic framework is a major challenge for many societies, particularly when faced with pressures of investing in more basic citizen and social services. However, free-speech advocates in the US and elsewhere argue that a global ratings system could invite action by governments that goes beyond this harmful or illegal content and would include restrictive laws to force publishers to rate themselves, punishment for those who misrated their content, or indeed censorship. Key decision areas facing policy makers include intellectual property rights on the Net, cyberlaw (eg. Internet taxation, digital certificate authorities, online crime), universal access to the Net, Internet telephony, and online content. This article focuses on three key areas pertaining to online content regulation: concerns for children, national culture, and on-line publishing models. The challenge from abroad Concerns for children Despite the vast educational potential of the Net, fears persist regarding the presence of content which could have a harmful effect on children using the Internet, especially sex, nudity, violence and language. These concerns have led to a number of international initiatives to co-ordinate hotlines for reporting illegal or harmful material. In Europe the Internet Watch Foundation is leading some of this work. Multilateral organisations like the United Nations and Interpol have held numerous international conferences to track and counter the use of the Internet for child pornography and child prostitution. One practical response has been the U.S. based

Stages in the marketing research processNike Sprint Ahead of the Essay

Stages in the marketing research processNike Sprint Ahead of the competition - Essay Example The opportunities and threat faced by the company and the scope of market research is being discusses in this case analysis. From the day Nike had its ad campaign with top athletes like John McEnroe, the ads created for Nike have been icons in setting standards for creativity. The Nike should not switch its focus from celebrities to its product. The campaigns were very effective with their image transfer approach, they casually transmits the message that how fashionable and trendy a person can become by buying a pair of Nike. Nike became a self-fulfilling image statement: if you want to be hip, wear Nike; if you are hip, you are probably wearing Nike (1). By focusing on the aura and image conveyed by the celebrity, Nike was able to attract those who wanted the image. Also the advertisements from Nike are very intensely inward focused concepts. It does not focus on the product, but has its entire focus on the person who wears it. The success of Nike in the market can be attributed mainly to its understanding of the consumer psyche. During the fitness crazy 1980s, Nike's campaign was totally tuned to the expectations of the consumers. This kind of understanding of the consumer results from market research. The research Nike should be doing now is a lifestyle study of its consumer to check whether a change approach adopted for advertising. The study that has to be done by Nike is of Descriptive in nature. For the research, the design will be as follows: 1. Interest/ theory - to find out various factors that affect the lifestyle of consumers which has an impact on the purchase of Nike 2. Conceptualization - lifestyle study involves identifying the kinds of products/ services consumed and a relationship with the demographic and psychographic factors. 3. Choice of research method - the research methods that can be used are market survey and unobtrusive methods like content analysis carried out longitudinal and cross-sectional across the target markets. 4. Population and sampling - the population for the study will be all the target markets for Nike across the world and the sample of the study can be selected randomly after segmenting the market into target groups 5. Operationalisation - the survey can be carried out online to elicit responses from various target markets globally. The content analysis can be carried out through observation and comparison of the people who buy Nike and their patterns of purchase 6. Date processing and analysis - after the data is collected a comparison and correlation study of the various factors and the lifestyle of consumers and their perception on Nike can be analyzed. Buyer behavior The Customer Focus(R) 2004: Sporting Goods study(2)by Vertis reveals that price and selection motivate consumer purchases more so than quality in case of athletic footwear. The results of the study show that consumers want choices and variety at a good price. A key tool in influencing buying behavior is advertising inserts and Customer Focus can provide guidance on the best way to use media synergistically. According to the survey, female shoppers with young children (ages 6-11) also see quality as less important than price in terms of being a key factor on why they shop at athletic footwear specialty stores. Price, selections are the key factors which play a more important role in deciding the brand and model for purchase. It is evident from the survey that, the consumers of the

FINAL EXAM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

FINAL EXAM - Essay Example According to the declaration of independence, all people are equal and created free. As such, they have the same natural rights. Thus, legitimate governments should be formed by the approval of the people who are being governed. Consequently, these legitimate governments should therefore secure and guard these rights. The declaration of independence brought to the fore a unanimous decision made by thirteen colonies to dis engage themselves from Britain. However, the most significant element of the declaration of independence since its inception was its declaration that political legitimacy was determined by people. As such, it appealed and advocated for equal rights for all people. Therefore, the meaning of the declaration of independence transcends both circumstances and time. The declaration of independence possesses three vital parts; the preamble, a list of accusations/charges brought against Britain’s king George II and the conclusion. Although the document justifies a re volutionary war, its bases its arguments on universal reason which are in line with laws of nature and of nature’s God. Additionally, the arguments respect opinions of people. The document is guided by its basic principles which include: self-evident truths; the document bases the American government on some self-evident truths like human equality and other unalienable rights. Self-evident truths transcend time, nations and circumstances. Secondly, rights of the people are acknowledged to produce legal governments. Thus, race, heredity, religion or wealth cannot justify government legitimacy. Equality is another third principle of the document. American government is basically about liberty and rights. However, these rights originate from all men being equal. Fourth, the purpose of happiness implies that a legitimate government should guard the unalienable rights such as liberty and life. Human happiness implies that the person or people live their lives to

Hawaii Watersports Essay Example for Free

Hawaii Watersports Essay With the white sandy beaches and crystal clear water Hawaii is the ideal place for ocean water sports. There are a wide range of water sports, from highly aggressive to leisurely sports that all types of people can enjoy. There are even sports which are specific only to the exotic islands encompassing this magnificent state. Taking a look at each individual sport will excite and possible mystify the sports enthusiast. Today we will take a look at sea kayaking, kite boarding, surfing, windsurfing, sailing, and scuba diving. Sea kayaking is an exhilarating and physically challenging sport. One must be sure to have the proper equipment and technique before heading out into the salty blue. It is said that kayakers ‘wear their kayaks’ and selecting a proper sea kayak, one that fits comfortably to your body type, can be a difficult task. First make sure that you fit comfortable in the pit. It should be snug, but not tight. If it is loose it may be difficult to maneuver. Kayaking is relaxing and comfortable sport especially around the islands. There are many ecological kayaking tours offered throughout Hawaii that will take you places and show you some of the amazing creatures and sites of the islands. Kite boarding is a new age surface water sport that is trendy among young people. Kite boarding is very similar to wakeboarding with the exception that the board is controlling their own movements with a kite, fully equipped with handle, instead of being pulled by a boat. Kite boarding is an extreme sport combining balance and coordination with the unique technique of keeping a kite in the air. Kite boarders have an unrivaled experience as they let the wind control their moves and can sometimes reach heights of 30 feet, and if they skilled and adventurous they may be able to do flips and other stunts before smoothly returning to the ocean. It is recommended that the new kite boarder takes a few lessons to learn proper techniques before venturing out on a kite boarding adventure. Surfing is a timeless and classic sport. Surfing like kite boarding is a surface water sport where the participant rides waves while balancing on a surf board. Surfing can actually be broken into many categories including body boarding, windsurfing, and body surfing. Body boarding is best described by using your body to ride a foam board over waves. Windsurfing uses both aspects of surfing and sailing. A windsurf board is a surf board with a sail attached. The windsurfer steers themselves with the sail and rides the wave as a surfer would. Body surfing is actually what the name implies, using one’s body to ride the waves. Body surfers are usually equipped with nothing by swim fins to take on the task of riding the breaking waves. Sailing is a leisurely recreation sport in which a person, or group of people, steer a ship or sail boat using sails. Sail boats move forward because of the inertia caused when the wind is caught in the sail. Sailing is a technical sport and the proper skills must be learned before heading out to sea. Scuba diving is another popular sport among the islands. Scuba requires a certification because of the danger involved. There are many short certification courses for tourists to partake in. These courses cover the essentials and make time for some short open water dives were the scuba can explore the exotic world on ocean water. Hawaii is an exotic place with many things to offer the adventurer or sports enthusiast. It is important to learn the techniques of the sports one wishes to indulge themselves in to ensure a safe and happy stay on the islands.

How Does The ?surround-sound? :: essays research papers

How does the â€Å"surround-sound† technique work?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Surround Sound which was introduced by Dolby Laboratories Inc to position sound around the audience so that the effects within movies would make them feel as though they were really there. The use of directional sound from different points in the room according to their depth, sharpness and clarity was the main goal. Starting off from a standard called Dolby Stereo, two separate channels were introduced, both left and right, so that other speakers could in turn double-up to provide a multitude of left and right channels all around the audience. The input of a effects channel (later called Surround channel) was implemented so that a sense of ambience and spatiality could be experienced from the audience. This surround channel was positioned behind and to the left and right of the audience provided the sound depth that the audio engineers were looking for.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This then gave way to a standard, which was known as Dolby Surround, soon followed by Dolby Surround – Pro Logic. This standard incorporated the original two channels for sound, but had an in-built decoder so that the surround channel, and also a center channel (positioned to the direct front of the audience) could be played back to enhance this surround feeling. A many number of speakers could be connected up to enhance the feeling associated with the different types of audio sources, and in turn provide more depth and realism to the audio source.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dolby Digital was incorporated into the home cinema as well as movie theatres to provide the ultimate audio reproductive source. The use of individual speaker components positioned around the audience comprising of a front left, front right, surround left, surround right, center, and subwoofer speaker were given their own audio input. This was called Dolby Digital 5.

Grief Paper

TBaggett-Grief paper-unit8 Tina Baggett Kaplan University TBaggett-Grief paper-unit8 According to Hockenberry & Wilson (Hockenberry & Wilson, 2007, p. 139), there are four phases of grief and mourning. The first phase of grief is disbelief or denial. There is a feeling of dullness or having an â€Å"out of body† experience. At this time, one goes into the second phase. The second phase is overwhelming need to be with the deceased. These phases can last minutes or days. The third phase is a feeling of hopelessness and scattered thought processes.The person in this phase is usually despondent and may retreat to a void within oneself. Sometimes they feel in this phase that life has no meaning without the deceased at their side. The last phase is â€Å"reorganization, when the person begins to again find meaning in life, integrating the loss of the loved one into a renewed sense of normalcy† (Wacker-Guido, 2010, p. 139). There are four kinds of grief. The first type of grie f is disenfranchised grief; this is the result of a loss for which they do not have a socially recognized right, role or capacity to grieve.These socially ambiguous losses cannot be openly mourned, or socially supported. Essentially, this is grief that is restricted by â€Å"grieving rules† ascribed by the culture and society. The bereaved may not publicly grieve because, somehow, some element or elements of the loss prevent a public recognition. Disenfranchised grief occurs in three primary ways. The first way is the relationship is not socially recognized. The relationship is not based on recognizable kin ties (the death of a friend), or socially sanctioned, (a partner in a gay or lesbian relationship), the relationship exists primarily in the past (ex-spouse).The second way is that the loss is not socially recognized or is hidden from others. Not socially recognized losses include perinatal losses. Hidden losses include abortion, the loss of pet, and losses that result fro m causes other than death. The third way that disenfranchised grief may occur is where circumstances of the death or deaths that contribute to stigma and negative judgment by others. Forms of death that would fall into this category include suicide, abortion, death as a result of AIDS, and fatal drug overdose are all examples of this type of disenfranchisement.The second kind of grief is anticipatory grief. Anticipatory grief can be described as the normal mourning that occurs when a patient or family is expecting a death. Anticipatory grief has many of the same symptoms as those experienced after a death has occurred. It includes all of the thinking, feeling, cultural, and social reactions to an expected death that are felt by the patient and family. Anticipatory grief includes  depression, extreme concern for the dying person, preparing for the death, and adjusting to changes caused by the death.Anticipatory grief gives the family and friends more time to slowly get used to the reality of the loss. People are able to complete unfinished business with the dying person for example, saying â€Å"good-bye,† â€Å"I love you,† or â€Å"I forgive you†. Anticipatory grief may not always occur. Anticipatory grief does not mean that before the death, a person feels the same kind of grief as the grief felt after a death. There is not a set amount of grief that a person will feel. The grief experienced before a death does not make the grief after the death last a shorter amount of time. Some people believe that anticipatory grief is rare.To accept a loved one's death while he or she is still alive may leave the mourner feeling that the dying patient has been abandoned. Expecting the loss often makes the attachment to the dying person stronger. The third kind of grief is complicated grief. â€Å"Complicated grief is an intense and long-lasting form of grief that takes over a person’s life. It is natural to experience acute grief after some one close dies, but complicated grief is different. Complicated grief is a form of grief that takes hold of a person’s mind and won’t let go. People with complicated grief often say that they feel â€Å"stuck. †Ã‚  (â€Å"Complicated Grief†).The term complicated sometimes is referred to a factor that grief interferes with the natural healing process. There are many people that get stuck in this type of grief. The last type of grief includes the normal type of grief. In this normal type, the four phases of the grief process will occur. Whenever someone in your life passes away no one knows how you will respond or what kind of grief you will go through. This is how it happened with my friend Linda. When you get that phone call and someone at the end of the phone gives you news that you wish that you never had to hear is the most devastating event that can occur in one’s lifetime.My friend Linda received this phone call fifteen years ago. The caller l et her know that her son was involved in a single shooting accident and that he was found dead with a note next to him. After talking with Linda, I cannot imagine the pain that she had to go through. Knowing you lost someone in your family is one thing but losing a child that you brought into the world is another thing. Linda went through all stages of grief. She stated that when she went through the third stage she stayed in the third phase a long time. She stated that she cooked and cleaned and was in a â€Å"fog†.She said she cooked for days and threw food away. She did not know what to do with her time. Being a nurse, I knew she needed to be able to talk and vent. She stated she could not talk to anyone because in her religion it was known to be a sin to have committed suicide and therefore she dealt with this guilt on her own. After reviewing what disenfranchised grief is, I recognized my friend Linda. I also recognized that because of the stigma of suicide this was a ba rrier in the normal process of grieving. There may be different reasons for a barrier to occur.My dad went through a different kind of grieving process. My mom passed away after being on hospice for many months. The hospice nurse explained to all of us the stages of death and the stages of the grieving process. This led us through a positive grieving process. He went through the anticipatory grieving process. He planned the funeral; he said his goodbyes before she passed. He grieved for months. After my mom did pass away he grieved all over again. I grieved before my mom passed away and when she finally did pass, it took me seven months for the grieving to start again after she actually passed away.I felt guilty when I did not grieve when she died. I went into automation mode. I made the plans, I made sure the family was ok and I did not even shed a tear. This was my barrier. I needed to be the nurse and make sure everyone else was cared for. Seven months later, I had waterfalls of tears, and I went into a deep depression. This was a negative coping mechanism. The depression had to be treated clinically and therefore showed negative coping. It is strange how different people grieve. It is also strange knowing the right way to grieve and the wrong way to grieve.This scenario goes to show that no matter what your knowledge base is, it is how you react when it happens to you, or how you respond as a nurse to someone else. References Doka, K. (2012). Disenfranchised Grief. Retrieved from www. researchpress. com/sites/default/files/books/addContent/5160. PDF Hockenberry, M. , ; Wilson, D. (2007). Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Childrens, St Louis: Mosby Elsevier Wacker-Guido, G. (2010). Nursing Care at the End of Life. , 139, Boston, MA: Prentice Hall What is Complicated Grief, Retrieved from www. complicatedgrief. org/bereavement

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